A Thermodynamic and quantum framework for the expanding universe with continuous mass generation

Abstract

 This study presents a model of the Universe as a closed thermodynamical system composed of radiation and matter, with continuous mass generation as a key feature. The model asserts that the speed of radiation propagation (speed of light) is governed by the total gravitational mass of the Universe, ensuring the system remains thermodynamically closed throughout its evolution. By linking the radius of the Universe to its Schwarzschild radius, the model derives expressions for the total mass,
density, entropy, and temperature of the Universe over time.

A novel aspect of this work is the reconciliation of the Second Law of Thermodynamics with the increasing complexity of the Universe. By integrating thermodynamic and informational entropies, it is proposed that the rate of thermodynamic entropy generation equals the rate of information growth, providing a unified perspective on the Universe\RL{'}s evolution. The study also explores the quantum state of the Universe, describing its evolution using the Schrödinger equation and conservation laws.

The model aligns well with observational data, such as the cosmic microwave background temperature and entropy estimates, while offering new insights into the interplay between mass generation, thermodynamics, and quantum mechanics. This framework opens pathways for addressing unanswered questions about the Universe\RL{'}s structure, complexity, and fundamental laws.